Adverbs (क्रिया-विशेषण)
Adverb वह शब्द है, जो किसी Verb, Adjective, दूसरे Adverb या पूरे Sentence की विशेषता बताता है।
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.
Adverb सामान्यतः यह बताता है कि कोई कार्य कैसे, कहाँ, कब, कितनी बार या किस हद तक हुआ।
- He runs fast.
- She sings beautifully.
- They arrived yesterday.
- Come here.
- He is very intelligent.
- She speaks quite softly.
- He runs fast. — fast, Verb “runs” की विशेषता बता रहा है।
- She is very beautiful. — very, Adjective “beautiful” की विशेषता बता रहा है।
- He speaks quite slowly. — quite, Adverb “slowly” की विशेषता बता रहा है।
- Fortunately, nobody was hurt. — fortunately, पूरे Sentence पर टिप्पणी कर रहा है।
Kinds of Adverbs
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Frequency
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb of Reason or Result
- Interrogative Adverb
- Relative Adverb
- Conjunctive Adverb
- Sentence Adverb
1. Adverb of Manner (रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
जो Adverb यह बताता है कि कोई कार्य कैसे हुआ, उसे Adverb of Manner कहते हैं।
An adverb of manner tells us how an action is performed.
slowly, quickly, carefully, beautifully, honestly, bravely, softly, badly, well, fast, hard
- She sings beautifully.
- He worked hard.
- The soldier fought bravely.
- Drive carefully.
बहुत से Adverbs, Adjective में -ly जोड़कर बनते हैं।
- slow → slowly
- careful → carefully
- beautiful → beautifully
- happy → happily
सभी Adverbs के अंत में -ly नहीं होता।
- He runs fast.
- She works hard.
- He speaks English well.
2. Adverb of Place (स्थानवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
जो Adverb यह बताता है कि कोई कार्य कहाँ हुआ, उसे Adverb of Place कहते हैं।
An adverb of place tells us where an action takes place.
here, there, everywhere, nowhere, outside, inside, upstairs, downstairs, nearby, away, abroad
- Come here.
- He looked everywhere.
- The children are playing outside.
- She lives nearby.
3. Adverb of Time (कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
जो Adverb यह बताता है कि कोई कार्य कब हुआ, उसे Adverb of Time कहते हैं।
An adverb of time tells us when an action takes place.
now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, soon, later, already, yet, recently, immediately, early, late
- He came yesterday.
- I will call you tomorrow.
- She has already finished her work.
- We shall leave soon.
Already का प्रयोग सामान्यतः affirmative sentences में और yet का प्रयोग negative तथा interrogative sentences में होता है।
- She has already arrived.
- She has not arrived yet.
- Has she arrived yet?
4. Adverb of Frequency (आवृत्तिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
जो Adverb यह बताता है कि कोई कार्य कितनी बार होता है, उसे Adverb of Frequency कहते हैं।
An adverb of frequency tells us how often an action happens.
always, usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, once, twice
- He always helps me.
- She often visits us.
- I never tell lies.
- We go there sometimes.
Adverbs of Frequency सामान्यतः Main Verb से पहले लेकिन be के forms के बाद आते हैं।
- He always comes on time.
- She is always punctual.
- They have never seen this place.
5. Adverb of Degree (परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
जो Adverb किसी Adjective, Verb या दूसरे Adverb की तीव्रता या सीमा बताता है, उसे Adverb of Degree कहते हैं।
An adverb of degree tells us the intensity or extent of an action, adjective or another adverb.
very, too, quite, rather, almost, nearly, enough, extremely, completely, absolutely, so, much
- She is very intelligent.
- The tea is too hot.
- He is quite honest.
- I am almost ready.
- She speaks extremely well.
- Very सामान्यतः Adjective या Adverb के साथ आता है: very good, very slowly.
- Much सामान्यतः Comparative Degree के साथ आता है: much better, much faster.
- कुछ Past Participles के साथ much या very much आता है: much appreciated, very much admired.
- जो Participles Adjective की तरह स्थापित हो चुके हैं, उनके साथ very भी आता है: very tired, very pleased.
He is very good.
He is much better.
We are very pleased.
Your help is much appreciated.
Too का अर्थ आवश्यकता से अधिक होता है और इसमें negative sense होता है।
The box is too heavy to lift.
The box is very heavy.
6. Adverb of Reason or Result
जो Adverb कारण या परिणाम व्यक्त करता है, उसे Adverb of Reason or Result कहते हैं।
therefore, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly
- He was ill; therefore, he did not attend school.
- It was raining; hence, the match was cancelled.
- He worked hard; thus, he succeeded.
7. Interrogative Adverb
जब when, where, why और how का प्रयोग प्रश्न पूछने के लिए किया जाता है, तो इन्हें Interrogative Adverbs कहते हैं।
When, where, why and how are called interrogative adverbs when they are used to ask questions.
- When will you come?
- Where do you live?
- Why are you crying?
- How did you solve it?
8. Relative Adverb
जब when, where और why किसी Noun से संबंध जोड़ते हैं, तो इन्हें Relative Adverbs कहते हैं।
When, where and why are called relative adverbs when they connect a clause with a noun mentioned before.
- I remember the day when we first met.
- This is the place where he was born.
- I know the reason why he left.
- Where do you live? — Interrogative Adverb
- This is the house where I live. — Relative Adverb
9. Conjunctive Adverb
जो Adverb दो independent clauses या ideas को जोड़ता है, उसे Conjunctive Adverb कहते हैं।
however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, consequently, meanwhile, furthermore
- He is poor; however, he is honest.
- Work hard; otherwise, you will fail.
- She was tired; nevertheless, she continued working.
10. Sentence Adverb
जो Adverb पूरे Sentence पर वक्ता की टिप्पणी, भावना या दृष्टिकोण व्यक्त करता है, उसे Sentence Adverb कहते हैं।
fortunately, unfortunately, honestly, clearly, obviously, probably, perhaps, certainly
- Fortunately, nobody was injured.
- Honestly, I do not believe him.
- Probably, he will come tomorrow.
Position of Adverbs
Adverb of Manner सामान्यतः Verb या Object के बाद आता है।
- He speaks English fluently.
- She completed the work carefully.
Adverb of Place सामान्यतः Verb या Object के बाद आता है।
- He lives there.
- Put the bag outside.
Adverb of Time सामान्यतः Sentence के अंत में आता है, लेकिन emphasis के लिए शुरुआत में भी आ सकता है।
- He came yesterday.
- Yesterday, he came to meet me.
Frequency Adverb Main Verb से पहले, लेकिन be के forms के बाद आता है।
- She often visits us.
- He is always honest.
Degree Adverb सामान्यतः उस Adjective या Adverb से पहले आता है जिसे वह modify करता है।
- She is very beautiful.
- He runs quite fast.
जब एक ही Sentence में Manner, Place और Time हों, तो सामान्य और परीक्षा-उपयोगी क्रम होता है—
Manner + Place + TimeShe sang beautifully at the concert last night.
यह absolute rule नहीं है। Emphasis, sentence structure और context के अनुसार क्रम बदल सकता है।
Comparison of Adverbs
कुछ Adverbs की Positive, Comparative और Superlative Degrees होती हैं।
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| fast | faster | fastest |
| hard | harder | hardest |
| early | earlier | earliest |
| well | better | best |
| badly | worse | worst |
| much | more | most |
| little | less | least |
-ly वाले लंबे Adverbs के Comparative और Superlative में सामान्यतः more और most लगते हैं।
- carefully → more carefully → most carefully
- beautifully → more beautifully → most beautifully
Important SSC Exam Rules
Hard का अर्थ मेहनत से या जोर से होता है, जबकि hardly का अर्थ मुश्किल से या लगभग नहीं होता है।
- He works hard.
- He hardly works.
Late का अर्थ देर से होता है, जबकि lately का अर्थ हाल ही में होता है।
- He came late.
- I have not seen him lately.
Near का अर्थ पास होता है, जबकि nearly का अर्थ लगभग होता है।
- Come near.
- It is nearly finished.
High ऊँचाई से संबंधित है, जबकि highly का अर्थ बहुत अधिक या अत्यधिक होता है।
- The kite flew high.
- He is highly respected.
Most का अर्थ सबसे अधिक या अत्यंत होता है, जबकि mostly का अर्थ मुख्यतः होता है।
- She is the most intelligent girl.
- The audience was mostly young.
- Too much + Uncountable Noun
- Too many + Plural Countable Noun
- Much too + Adjective/Adverb
There is too much sugar in the tea.
There are too many books on the table.
The tea is much too sweet.
Enough, Adjective या Adverb के बाद लेकिन Noun के पहले आता है।
- He is strong enough.
- She speaks clearly enough.
- We have enough money.
Only जिस शब्द के ठीक पहले रखा जाता है, उसी पर जोर देता है।
- Only Ram helped me. — केवल Ram ने मदद की।
- Ram only helped me. — Ram ने केवल मदद की, और कुछ नहीं।
- Ram helped only me. — Ram ने केवल मेरी मदद की।
ये negative sense वाले Adverbs हैं। इनके साथ दूसरा negative शब्द नहीं लगाना चाहिए।
Correct: He never tells lies.
Incorrect: He does not never tell lies.
Common Errors
-
Wrong: He runs quick.
Correct: He runs quickly. -
Wrong: She sings beautiful.
Correct: She sings beautifully. -
Meaning issue: He works hardly. = वह लगभग काम नहीं करता।
“वह मेहनत से काम करता है” के लिए: He works hard. -
Wrong: The flower smells sweetly.
Correct: The flower smells sweet. -
Wrong: He is too much weak.
Correct: He is much too weak. -
Wrong: She is enough intelligent.
Correct: She is intelligent enough. -
Wrong: He does not never come here.
Correct: He never comes here. -
Wrong: I have seen him yesterday.
Correct: I saw him yesterday.
Quick Revision
- Manner बताता है—कार्य कैसे हुआ।
- Place बताता है—कार्य कहाँ हुआ।
- Time बताता है—कार्य कब हुआ।
- Frequency बताता है—कार्य कितनी बार हुआ।
- Degree बताता है—कार्य या गुण किस हद तक है।
- Frequency Adverb Main Verb से पहले और be के बाद आता है।
- सामान्य order: Manner + Place + Time; context और emphasis के अनुसार बदलाव संभव है।
- Hard ≠ Hardly
- Late ≠ Lately
- Near ≠ Nearly
- Too much + Noun
- Much too + Adjective/Adverb