Adjectives (विशेषण)
Adjective वह शब्द है, जो किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता, संख्या, मात्रा, स्थिति, पहचान या संबंध बताता है।
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjective किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में यह बता सकता है कि वह कैसा, कितना, कितने, कौन-सा या किसका है।
- She is a beautiful girl.
- I have some water.
- He bought three books.
- This pen is mine.
- My brother is a teacher.
- Noun से पहले: a good boy
- Linking Verb के बाद: The boy is good.
Kinds of Adjectives
SSC तथा पारंपरिक school grammar में this, my, each, which आदि को Demonstrative, Possessive, Distributive और Interrogative Adjectives कहा जाता है। Modern grammar में इन्हें प्रायः Determiners कहा जाता है, क्योंकि ये Noun Phrase को निर्धारित करते हैं।
- Adjective of Quality
- Adjective of Quantity
- Adjective of Number
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Possessive Adjective
- Distributive Adjective
- Interrogative Adjective
- Proper Adjective
- Emphasizing Adjective
- Exclamatory Adjective
1. Adjective of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु का गुण, दोष, आकार, रंग, रूप या अवस्था बताता है, उसे Adjective of Quality कहते हैं।
An adjective of quality describes the kind or quality of a person or thing.
good, bad, honest, beautiful, tall, short, red, clever, brave, kind, old, young
- Ram is an honest boy.
- She has a beautiful dress.
- This is a red flower.
- He is a brave soldier.
2. Adjective of Quantity (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective किसी Uncountable Noun की मात्रा बताता है, उसे Adjective of Quantity कहते हैं।
An adjective of quantity tells us how much of a thing is meant.
much, little, some, any, enough, sufficient, all, no, whole
- I have some milk.
- There is little hope.
- He has enough money.
- She did not drink any water.
- some milk — Quantity, क्योंकि milk Uncountable है।
- some books — Number, क्योंकि books Countable Plural है।
3. Adjective of Number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective Countable Noun की संख्या या क्रम बताता है, उसे Adjective of Number कहते हैं।
An adjective of number tells us how many persons or things are meant, or in what order they stand.
जो निश्चित संख्या बताते हैं।
- one boy
- two books
- five students
जो क्रम बताते हैं।
- the first chapter
- the second boy
- the tenth question
जो अनिश्चित संख्या बताते हैं।
- many students
- few books
- several questions
- some boys
जो गुणा या कई गुना का भाव व्यक्त करते हैं।
- single room
- double amount
- triple benefit
4. Demonstrative Adjective (संकेतवाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करे, उसे Demonstrative Adjective कहते हैं।
This, that, these, those, such
- This book is useful.
- Those boys are playing.
- I dislike such behaviour.
- This book is mine. — Demonstrative Adjective
- This is mine. — Demonstrative Pronoun
5. Possessive Adjective (अधिकारवाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective अधिकार या संबंध बताए और जिसके बाद Noun आए, उसे Possessive Adjective कहते हैं।
My, our, your, his, her, its, their
- This is my book.
- Their house is large.
- Her brother is a doctor.
- This is my book. — Possessive Adjective
- This book is mine. — Possessive Pronoun
6. Distributive Adjective (व्यष्टिवाचक विशेषण)
जो Adjective समूह के प्रत्येक सदस्य को अलग-अलग व्यक्त करे, उसे Distributive Adjective कहते हैं।
Each, every, either, neither
- Each student received a prize.
- Every boy was present.
- Either road leads to the station.
- Neither answer is correct.
- Each और every के बाद Singular Countable Noun आता है।
- Either और neither का पारंपरिक प्रयोग दो के लिए होता है।
- Each, every, either और neither के साथ सामान्यतः Singular Verb आता है।
7. Interrogative Adjective (प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण)
जब what, which और whose किसी Noun के पहले आकर प्रश्न पूछें, तो वे Interrogative Adjectives कहलाते हैं।
- What colour do you like?
- Which book is yours?
- Whose pen is this?
- Which is yours? — Interrogative Pronoun
- Which book is yours? — Interrogative Adjective
8. Proper Adjective (व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण)
Proper Noun से बने Adjective को Proper Adjective कहते हैं।
- India → Indian
- America → American
- Britain → British
- Shakespeare → Shakespearean
- He is an Indian citizen.
- I like Italian food.
- We study English literature.
9. Emphasizing Adjective (बलदायक विशेषण)
जो Adjective किसी Noun पर विशेष बल दे, उसे Emphasizing Adjective कहते हैं।
Own, very, same
- I saw it with my own eyes.
- This is the very book I wanted.
- We met at the same place.
10. Exclamatory Adjective (विस्मयादिबोधक विशेषण)
जब what किसी Noun के पहले आकर विस्मय व्यक्त करे, तो उसे Exclamatory Adjective कहते हैं।
- What an idea!
- What a beautiful flower!
- What nonsense!
Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives की तीन Degrees होती हैं—
- Positive Degree
- Comparative Degree
- Superlative Degree
| Degree | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | साधारण गुण | Ram is tall. |
| Comparative | दो की तुलना | Ram is taller than Shyam. |
| Superlative | दो से अधिक में सर्वोच्च गुण | Ram is the tallest boy in the class. |
Formation of Comparative and Superlative
छोटे Adjectives में सामान्यतः -er और -est लगते हैं।
tall → taller → tallest
small → smaller → smallest
यदि Adjective के अंत में e हो, तो केवल r और st लगते हैं।
large → larger → largest
brave → braver → bravest
y हटाकर ier और iest लगाए जाते हैं।
happy → happier → happiest
easy → easier → easiest
अंतिम consonant को double करके -er/-est लगाया जाता है।
big → bigger → biggest
hot → hotter → hottest
लंबे Adjectives के साथ सामान्यतः more और most लगते हैं।
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
difficult → more difficult → most difficult
Irregular Degrees
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad / evil / ill | worse | worst |
| many / much | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| far | farther / further | farthest / furthest |
| old | older / elder | oldest / eldest |
| late | later / latter | latest / last |
| near | nearer | nearest / next |
Important Comparison Rules
Comparative Degree के साथ सामान्यतः than आता है।
Ram is taller than Shyam.
Superlative Degree के पहले सामान्यतः the आता है।
He is the best player in the team.
दो में तुलना के लिए Comparative Degree का प्रयोग होता है।
Of the two boys, Ram is the taller.
One of the के बाद Superlative Degree और Plural Noun आता है।
He is one of the best players in the team.
यह structure proportional change बताता है।
The more you read, the more you learn.
Comparative Degree के पहले much, far, even, still, a little आदि आ सकते हैं।
This book is much better.
He is far taller than his brother.
अधिकतर Adjectives में more + -er या most + -est एक साथ नहीं लगते।
Incorrect: more better, most tallest
Correct: better, tallest
Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, posterior, preferable आदि के साथ सामान्यतः than नहीं, to आता है।
- He is senior to me.
- This book is superior to that one.
- Tea is preferable to coffee.
Prefer A to B structure सामान्य है।
I prefer tea to coffee.
- Elder/Eldest मुख्यतः परिवार के सदस्यों के लिए और Noun से पहले।
- Older/Oldest व्यक्तियों और वस्तुओं दोनों के लिए।
- Elder के साथ than सामान्यतः नहीं आता; older than सही है।
My elder brother is a doctor.
My brother is older than me.
- Farther प्रायः physical distance के लिए।
- Further distance के साथ-साथ additional meaning में भी।
Delhi is farther from here.
For further information, contact us.
- Later समय के अर्थ में।
- Latter दो में दूसरे का संकेत करता है।
I will call you later.
Of tea and coffee, I prefer the latter.
- Latest = सबसे नया या हाल का।
- Last = क्रम में अंतिम या पिछला।
This is the latest news.
He came last in the race.
- Nearest दूरी में सबसे पास।
- Next क्रम या समय में अगला।
Where is the nearest bank?
The next train arrives at 5 p.m.
- Less सामान्यतः Uncountable Noun के साथ।
- Fewer Countable Plural Noun के साथ।
less water
fewer books
Adjective Order
जब एक Noun के पहले कई Adjectives आएँ, तो सामान्य क्रम होता है—
a beautiful small old round brown Indian wooden table
यह सामान्य pattern है; हर वाक्य में सभी categories का प्रयोग आवश्यक नहीं।
Important SSC Exam Rules
The box is too heavy to lift.
Enough, Adjective के बाद आता है।
He is strong enough to lift it.
Enough, Noun के पहले आता है।
We have enough money.
She is so beautiful.
He runs so quickly.
She is such a beautiful girl.
- Very + Positive Degree: very good
- Much + Comparative Degree: much better
- कुछ adjective-like participles के साथ very: very tired, very pleased
- कुछ verbal participles के साथ much/very much: much appreciated
- Most बिना the के “very” का अर्थ दे सकता है: a most useful book.
- The most Superlative बनाता है: the most useful book.
- Few = लगभग नहीं; negative sense
- A few = कुछ; positive sense
- The few = जितने थोड़े हैं, वे सभी
Few students passed.
A few students passed.
The few students who passed were rewarded.
- Little = लगभग नहीं
- A little = कुछ
- The little = जितना थोड़ा है, वह सब
There is little hope.
There is a little hope.
The little money he had was spent.
- the whole day
- all the day / all day
-
Wrong: He is more taller than Ram.
Correct: He is taller than Ram. -
Wrong: She is the most tallest girl.
Correct: She is the tallest girl. -
Wrong: He is senior than me.
Correct: He is senior to me. -
Wrong: This book is preferable than that.
Correct: This book is preferable to that. -
Wrong: My elder brother is elder than me.
Correct: My elder brother is older than me. -
Wrong: He is one of the best player.
Correct: He is one of the best players. -
Wrong: Of the two girls, Rita is the tallest.
Correct: Of the two girls, Rita is the taller. -
Wrong: She is enough intelligent.
Correct: She is intelligent enough. -
Wrong: He has less books.
Correct: He has fewer books. -
Wrong: This is a wooden old table.
Better: This is an old wooden table.
Quick Revision
- Quality बताता है—कैसा।
- Quantity बताता है—कितना।
- Number बताता है—कितने या कौन-से क्रम में।
- Demonstrative संकेत करता है।
- Possessive अधिकार बताता है।
- Comparative सामान्यतः दो में तुलना करता है।
- Superlative सामान्यतः दो से अधिक में सर्वोच्च गुण बताता है।
- Senior, junior, superior, inferior, preferable के साथ to आता है।
- One of the + Superlative + Plural Noun
- Adjective + enough; enough + Noun
- Few/A few और Little/A little का अर्थ अलग होता है।