Conjunctions (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)

Conjunction वह शब्द है, जो दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों, clauses या sentences को जोड़ता है।

A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Examples

Ram and Shyam are friends.
He is poor but honest.
Work hard or you will fail.
I stayed at home because it was raining.

Important Note

Conjunction स्वयं किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या कार्य का नाम नहीं बताता; इसका मुख्य काम ideas और grammatical units को जोड़ना है।

Kinds of Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Correlative Conjunction

1. Coordinating Conjunction

जो Conjunction समान grammatical rank वाले words, phrases या independent clauses को जोड़ता है, उसे Coordinating Conjunction कहते हैं।

A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal grammatical rank.

FANBOYS

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

A. And

And समान या अतिरिक्त विचारों को जोड़ता है।

Ram and Shyam are friends.
He opened the door and entered the room.

B. But

But विपरीत या contrasting ideas को जोड़ता है।

He is poor but honest.
She tried hard but failed.

C. Or

Or विकल्प, चुनाव या परिणाम व्यक्त करता है।

Tea or coffee?
Hurry up or you will miss the train.

D. Nor

Nor negative alternatives को जोड़ता है।

He neither called nor wrote.
She did not complain, nor did she leave.

E. Yet

Yet का अर्थ “फिर भी” होता है और contrast दिखाता है।

He is poor, yet he is happy.
The task was difficult, yet she completed it.

F. So

So परिणाम व्यक्त करता है।

It was raining, so we stayed at home.
He worked hard, so he succeeded.

G. For

For कारण बताता है। यह formal usage में “because” जैसा अर्थ दे सकता है।

He must be tired, for he has worked all day.

Comma Rule

जब Coordinating Conjunction दो independent clauses को जोड़े, तो conjunction से पहले comma लगाया जाता है।

I wanted to go, but I was busy.

2. Subordinating Conjunction

जो Conjunction किसी dependent clause को main clause से जोड़ता है, उसे Subordinating Conjunction कहते हैं।

A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to a main clause.

because, since, as, although, though, if, unless, until, when, while, before, after, where, wherever, as soon as, so that, in order that, provided that, as if, as though

A. Cause or Reason

Because, Since, As

Because स्पष्ट और सीधा कारण बताता है।
Since/As अक्सर ज्ञात या कम जोर वाले कारण के लिए आते हैं।

I stayed home because it was raining.
Since you are here, we can begin.
As it was late, we returned home.

B. Contrast or Concession

Although, Though, Even Though

ये contrast या concession व्यक्त करते हैं।

Although he is poor, he is honest.
Though she was tired, she continued working.
Even though it rained, they played.

Important Rule

Although/Though के साथ same clause relation में but का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।

Incorrect: Although he is poor, but he is honest.
Correct: Although he is poor, he is honest.
Correct: He is poor, but he is honest.

C. Condition

If and Unless

If = यदि
Unless = यदि नहीं / except if

If you work hard, you will succeed.
You will fail unless you work hard.

Unless Rule

Unless स्वयं negative sense देता है; इसलिए इसके clause में सामान्यतः not नहीं लगाया जाता।

Incorrect: Unless you do not work hard, you will fail.
Correct: Unless you work hard, you will fail.

D. Time

when, whenever, while, before, after, until, till, as soon as, since

Call me when you arrive.
Wait here until I return.
As soon as he arrived, it started raining.
She was reading while I was cooking.

Future Time Clause Rule

When, until, before, after, as soon as आदि से शुरू future time clause में सामान्यतः will नहीं आता; Simple Present आता है।

Correct: I will call you when he comes.
Incorrect: I will call you when he will come.

E. Purpose

so that, in order that, lest

Work hard so that you may succeed.
He spoke slowly in order that everyone could understand.
Work hard lest you should fail.

Lest Rule

Lest का अर्थ “ऐसा न हो कि” होता है। इसके बाद पारंपरिक formal usage में should + V₁ आता है।

F. Result

So…that / Such…that

So + Adjective/Adverb + that
Such + Noun Phrase + that

He was so tired that he could not walk.
It was such a difficult question that nobody answered it.

G. Comparison or Manner

as, as if, as though, than

Do as I tell you.
He behaves as if he were a king.
She speaks as though she knew everything.

As if / As though

Unreal या contrary-to-fact comparison में formal English में were का प्रयोग सभी persons के साथ हो सकता है।

He talks as if he were the owner.

H. Place

where, wherever

Stay where you are.
I will follow you wherever you go.

I. Provision or Condition

provided that, providing that, as long as, in case

You may go provided that you return by evening.
You can stay here as long as you remain quiet.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.

In Case vs If

In case = precaution
If = condition

Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Use the umbrella if it rains.

3. Correlative Conjunction

जो Conjunctions जोड़े में प्रयुक्त होते हैं, उन्हें Correlative Conjunctions कहते हैं।

both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely/barely…when

A. Both…and

Both Ram and Shyam are present.
She is both intelligent and hardworking.

B. Either…or

Either Ram or Shyam will come.
You can either stay or leave.

C. Neither…nor

Neither Ram nor Shyam was present.
She neither called nor wrote.

D. Not only…but also

He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
Not only Ram but also Shyam was invited.

E. Whether…or

I do not know whether he will come or not.
Whether you agree or disagree, the rule applies.

F. No sooner…than

No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.

G. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely…when

Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.

Important Pairing

No sooner … than
Hardly/Scarcely/Barely … when

Parallel Structure

Correlative Conjunctions जिन elements को जोड़ते हैं, वे grammatical रूप से parallel होने चाहिए।

Correct: She likes both reading and writing.
Incorrect: She likes both reading and to write.

Placement Rule

Both, either, neither, not only आदि को उन समान units के ठीक पहले रखें जिन्हें वे जोड़ते हैं।

Correct: He not only sings but also dances.

Subject-Verb Agreement with Conjunctions

And

दो अलग Subjects “and” से जुड़े हों तो सामान्यतः Plural Verb आता है।

Ram and Shyam are friends.

One Idea or Unit

यदि “and” से जुड़े words एक ही idea, dish, title या unit दर्शाएँ, तो Singular Verb आ सकता है।

Bread and butter is my breakfast.

Each / Every before Joined Nouns

Each या every प्रत्येक Singular Noun के पहले हो तो Singular Verb आता है।

Every boy and every girl is ready.

Either…or / Neither…nor / Not only…but also

इन structures में Verb सामान्यतः निकटतम Subject के अनुसार होता है।

Either Ram or his friends are coming.
Either his friends or Ram is coming.

Important SSC Exam Rules

Rule 1: Because vs Because of

Because + Clause
Because of + Noun/Gerund

He stayed home because he was ill.
He stayed home because of illness.

Rule 2: Although/Though vs Despite/In Spite of

Although/Though + Clause
Despite/In spite of + Noun/Gerund

Although he was ill, he worked.
In spite of being ill, he worked.

Rule 3: As soon as

As soon as के साथ सामान्यतः no sooner नहीं लगाया जाता।

Correct: As soon as he arrived, it rained.
Correct: No sooner had he arrived than it rained.

Rule 4: Until/Till

Until/Till स्वयं “तक” का अर्थ देता है। Negative main clause के साथ “जब तक नहीं” का अर्थ बन सकता है।

I will wait until he comes.
I will not leave until he comes.

Rule 5: Unless

Unless = if…not; इसके clause में double negative से बचें।

Rule 6: No sooner Inversion

Sentence की शुरुआत No sooner से हो तो auxiliary inversion होता है।

No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.

Rule 7: Hardly/Scarcely Inversion

Sentence की शुरुआत Hardly/Scarcely/Barely से हो तो auxiliary inversion होता है।

Hardly had I reached when the train left.

Rule 8: Whether vs If

Indirect yes/no questions में whether और if दोनों संभव हैं, लेकिन preposition के बाद, infinitive के पहले और “or not” के साथ whether अधिक उपयुक्त या आवश्यक होता है।

It depends on whether he agrees.
I do not know whether to go.
Tell me whether or not you agree.

Rule 9: So that vs So…that

So that = purpose
So + adjective/adverb + that = result

Speak clearly so that everyone can understand.
He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Common Errors

Wrong: Although he is poor, but he is honest.
Correct: Although he is poor, he is honest.
Wrong: Because he was ill, so he stayed home.
Correct: Because he was ill, he stayed home.
Wrong: Unless you do not work hard, you will fail.
Correct: Unless you work hard, you will fail.
Wrong: No sooner had he arrived when it rained.
Correct: No sooner had he arrived than it rained.
Wrong: Hardly had I reached than the train left.
Correct: Hardly had I reached when the train left.
Wrong: Either Ram and Shyam will come.
Correct: Either Ram or Shyam will come.
Wrong: Neither he or I was ready.
Correct: Neither he nor I was ready.
Wrong: She is both intelligent and works hard.
Better: She is both intelligent and hardworking.
Wrong: I will call you when he will arrive.
Correct: I will call you when he arrives.
Correct: He spoke slowly so everyone could understand.
More explicit for purpose: He spoke slowly so that everyone could understand.

Quick Revision

Conjunction joins Words + Phrases + Clauses + Sentences

Coordinating Conjunction समान rank वाले units को जोड़ता है।
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Subordinating Conjunction dependent clause को main clause से जोड़ता है।
Correlative Conjunction जोड़े में आता है।
Although/Though के साथ but नहीं।
Because के साथ so नहीं।
Unless के साथ सामान्यतः not नहीं।
No sooner…than
Hardly/Scarcely/Barely…when
Either…or / Neither…nor में Verb निकटतम Subject के अनुसार।
Correlative structures में parallelism जरूरी है।