My Account

Download App Download App

Pronoun (सर्वनाम)

Pronoun वह शब्द है, जो किसी Noun की पुनरावृत्ति रोकने के लिए उसके स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होता है।

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.

Example

Ram is a boy. Ram is playing.
Ram is a boy. He is playing.

दूसरे वाक्य में He, Ram के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है; इसलिए He एक Pronoun है।

Important Note

जिस Noun या Pronoun की ओर कोई Pronoun संकेत करता है, उसे उसका Antecedent कहते हैं।

Ram lost his book. यहाँ Ram, “his” का Antecedent है।

Kinds of Pronouns

Personal Pronoun
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Emphatic Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
Distributive Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम)

बोलने वाले, सुनने वाले तथा जिसके बारे में बात की जाए, उसके लिए प्रयुक्त Pronouns को Personal Pronouns कहते हैं।

Pronouns used for the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person or thing spoken about are called personal pronouns.

Person	Subjective Case	Objective Case	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun	Reflexive Form
First Person Singular	I	me	my	mine	myself
First Person Plural	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
Second Person	you	you	your	yours	yourself / yourselves
Third Person Masculine	he	him	his	his	himself
Third Person Feminine	she	her	her	hers	herself
Third Person Neuter	it	it	its	—	itself
Third Person Plural	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

A. Subjective Case

जब Pronoun वाक्य में Subject का काम करता है, तब Subjective Case का प्रयोग होता है।

I am a student.
She sings well.
They are playing.

B. Objective Case

जब Pronoun Verb या Preposition का Object होता है, तब Objective Case का प्रयोग होता है।

She helped me.
I met him.
This gift is for her.

After Preposition

Preposition के बाद Objective Case आता है।

Correct: Between you and me.
Incorrect: Between you and I.

Than / As

Than और as के बाद Pronoun का case छिपे हुए Verb पर निर्भर करता है।

He is taller than I (am).
She likes him more than me. — She likes him more than she likes me.

2. Possessive Pronoun (अधिकारवाचक सर्वनाम)

जिस Pronoun से अधिकार या स्वामित्व का बोध हो और जिसके बाद कोई Noun न आए, उसे Possessive Pronoun कहते हैं।

A pronoun that shows possession and stands without a following noun is called a possessive pronoun.

Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs

This book is mine.
That house is theirs.
This pen is hers.

Possessive Adjective vs Possessive Pronoun

This is my book. — my: Possessive Adjective
This book is mine. — mine: Possessive Pronoun
This is his car. — his: Possessive Adjective
This car is his. — his: Possessive Pronoun

Its vs It’s

Its = possessive form: The dog wagged its tail.
It’s = it is / it has: It’s raining.

3. Reflexive Pronoun (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)

जब Subject द्वारा किया गया कार्य उसी Subject पर लौटता है, तब Reflexive Pronoun का प्रयोग होता है।

A reflexive pronoun is used when the action of the subject turns back upon the subject.

myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves

I hurt myself.
She introduced herself.
They enjoyed themselves.

Important Rule

Reflexive Pronoun सामान्यतः तब आता है जब Subject और Object एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु हों।

Correct: He blamed himself.
Incorrect: He blamed him. — यदि “him” कोई दूसरा व्यक्ति न हो।

Common Fixed Expressions

Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
Help yourself.
Avail oneself of an opportunity.
Absent oneself from class.
Pride oneself on something.

4. Emphatic Pronoun (बलदायक सर्वनाम)

जब -self या -selves वाला Pronoun किसी Noun या Pronoun पर बल देने के लिए प्रयुक्त हो, तो उसे Emphatic Pronoun कहते हैं।

A pronoun ending in -self or -selves is called an emphatic pronoun when it is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun.

I myself saw the accident.
The principal himself addressed the students.
She completed the work herself.

Reflexive vs Emphatic

He hurt himself. — Reflexive; sentence का आवश्यक भाग।
He himself opened the door. — Emphatic; केवल जोर देता है।

5. Demonstrative Pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करे, उसे Demonstrative Pronoun कहते हैं।

This, that, these, those, such

This is my book.
Those are my shoes.
Such was his answer.

Pronoun vs Adjective

This is my book. — Demonstrative Pronoun
This book is mine. — Demonstrative Adjective

6. Indefinite Pronoun (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का स्पष्ट बोध न कराए, उसे Indefinite Pronoun कहते हैं।

someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, something, anything, nothing, all, many, few, several, none, one

Someone is at the door.
Nobody was absent.
Many were invited.
None of the answers is correct.

Singular Agreement

Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, each और either सामान्यतः Singular Verb लेते हैं।

Everyone is ready.
Someone has taken my pen.

Gender-neutral Reference

आधुनिक Standard English में Singular antecedent के लिए they/them/their का प्रयोग सामान्य और स्वीकार्य है। औपचारिक परीक्षाओं में sentence structure के अनुसार singular agreement पर विशेष ध्यान रखें।

Everyone should bring their identity card.

None

None का अर्थ “not one” या “not any” हो सकता है। इसलिए context के अनुसार Singular या Plural Verb दोनों संभव हैं।

None of the money is missing.
None of the students are ready.

7. Distributive Pronoun (व्यष्टिवाचक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun समूह के सदस्यों को अलग-अलग व्यक्तियों के रूप में व्यक्त करे, उसे Distributive Pronoun कहते हैं।

Each, either, neither

Each of the boys is intelligent.
Either of the two roads leads to the station.
Neither of them was present.

Important Rules

Each, either और neither सामान्यतः Singular Verb लेते हैं।
Either और neither का पारंपरिक प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओं के लिए होता है।
Each of / either of / neither of के बाद Plural Noun या Objective Pronoun आता है।

Pronoun vs Adjective

Each of the boys is ready. — Pronoun
Each boy is ready. — Adjective/Determiner

8. Reciprocal Pronoun (परस्परबोधक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun दो या अधिक व्यक्तियों के पारस्परिक संबंध या कार्य को व्यक्त करे, उसे Reciprocal Pronoun कहते हैं।

Each other, one another

Ram and Shyam help each other.
The members congratulated one another.

Usage Note

पारंपरिक नियम में each other का प्रयोग दो और one another का प्रयोग दो से अधिक के लिए बताया जाता है। आधुनिक Standard English में दोनों का प्रयोग अक्सर एक-दूसरे के स्थान पर भी होता है।

Possessive Forms

each other’s तथा one another’s सही Possessive forms हैं।

They borrowed each other’s books.

9. Relative Pronoun (संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun अपने से पहले आए Noun या Pronoun से संबंध जोड़ते हुए Relative Clause की शुरुआत करे, उसे Relative Pronoun कहते हैं।

Who, whom, whose, which, that, what

The boy who is playing is my brother.
The man whom you met is my uncle.
The girl whose bag was lost is crying.
This is the book which I bought.
The pen that you gave me is useful.

Who vs Whom

Who Subject के लिए आता है।
Whom Object के लिए आता है।

Who called you?
Whom did you call?

Easy Trick

यदि उत्तर he/she/they हो, तो who; यदि उत्तर him/her/them हो, तो whom।

Who / Which / That

Who सामान्यतः व्यक्तियों के लिए।
Which सामान्यतः वस्तुओं और पशुओं के लिए।
That व्यक्तियों, पशुओं और वस्तुओं—तीनों के लिए आ सकता है।

That is Commonly Preferred

Superlative, all, everything, nothing, only, same आदि के बाद restrictive clause में that का प्रयोग सामान्य है।

He is the best player that I have seen.
All that glitters is not gold.
This is the only book that I need.

Preposition + Relative Pronoun

Formal English में Preposition के बाद whom या which आता है; that नहीं।

The person to whom I spoke was helpful.
The chair on which I sat was broken.

What

Relative Pronoun “what” का अर्थ “the thing that” होता है और इसके पहले अलग antecedent नहीं आता।

I know what he wants.

10. Interrogative Pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)

जो Pronoun प्रश्न पूछने के लिए प्रयुक्त हो, उसे Interrogative Pronoun कहते हैं।

Who, whom, whose, which, what

Who are you?
Whom did you meet?
Whose is this?
Which is your book?
What happened?

Pronoun vs Interrogative Adjective

Which is yours? — Interrogative Pronoun
Which book is yours? — Interrogative Adjective/Determiner
Whose is this? — Interrogative Pronoun
Whose pen is this? — Interrogative Adjective/Determiner

Pronoun Agreement

Rule 1: Agreement with Antecedent

Pronoun को अपने Antecedent के Number और Person के अनुसार होना चाहिए।

Ram lost his book.
The girls completed their work.

Rule 2: Two Singular Nouns Joined by “and”

दो अलग Singular Nouns “and” से जुड़े हों तो सामान्यतः Plural Pronoun आता है।

Ram and Shyam have completed their work.

Rule 3: Each / Every before Two Nouns

Each या every से जुड़े Singular Nouns के लिए पारंपरिक formal usage में Singular reference रखा जाता है।

Every boy and every girl must bring their identity card. — आधुनिक gender-neutral usage

Rule 4: Either…or / Neither…nor

Pronoun reference को निकटतम Antecedent के अनुसार स्पष्ट रखना बेहतर है। अस्पष्टता से बचने के लिए sentence को दोबारा लिखना अधिक सुरक्षित है।

Either Ram or the boys will bring their books.

Rule 5: One

Formal structure में “one” के साथ “one/one’s/oneself” रखा जाता है।

One should do one’s duty.

Important SSC Exam Rules

Rule 1: Let + Objective Case

Let के बाद Objective Pronoun आता है।

Let him go.
Let me speak.

Rule 2: It is I / It is me

पारंपरिक formal grammar में linking verb के बाद Subjective Case: “It is I.” आधुनिक सामान्य English में “It is me” बहुत प्रचलित और स्वीकार्य है। SSC जैसे error-detection questions में प्रश्न की अपेक्षित formal convention और पूरे sentence context को ध्यान से देखें।

Rule 3: Same Person Comparison

गलत comparison से बचें।

Correct: My salary is higher than his.
Incorrect: My salary is higher than him.

Rule 4: Between

Between के बाद Objective Case आता है।

This matter is between you and me.

Rule 5: Reflexive Pronoun Cannot Replace Subject

Myself, himself आदि को सामान्य Subject के स्थान पर अकेले नहीं रखना चाहिए।

Correct: Ram and I went there.
Incorrect: Ram and myself went there.

Rule 6: Who / Whom

Subject के लिए who और Object के लिए whom।

Who do you think will win?
Whom did you invite?

Common Errors

Wrong: Between you and I.
Correct: Between you and me.
Wrong: Me and Ram went there.
Correct: Ram and I went there.
Wrong: This book is her.
Correct: This book is hers.
Wrong: He enjoyed him at the party.
Correct: He enjoyed himself at the party.
Wrong: Ram and myself completed the work.
Correct: Ram and I completed the work.
Wrong: Each of the boys are ready.
Correct: Each of the boys is ready.
Wrong: The person which came here is my uncle.
Correct: The person who came here is my uncle.
Wrong: This is the boy whom won the prize.
Correct: This is the boy who won the prize.
Wrong: The dog wagged it’s tail.
Correct: The dog wagged its tail.
Wrong: One should do his duty. — inconsistent formal pattern
Better: One should do one’s duty.

Quick Revision

Pronoun replaces a Noun and agrees with its Antecedent

Subject के लिए I, we, he, she, they आदि।
Object के लिए me, us, him, her, them आदि।
Possessive Adjective के बाद Noun आता है; Possessive Pronoun अकेला आता है।
Subject और Object एक ही हों तो Reflexive Pronoun आता है।
Emphatic Pronoun केवल जोर देता है।
Each, either और neither सामान्यतः Singular Verb लेते हैं।
Who Subject और whom Object के लिए आता है।
Preposition के बाद Objective Case आता है।
Its possessive है; it’s = it is/it has।
Relative Pronoun Antecedent को Relative Clause से जोड़ता है।