Verbs (क्रिया)

Verb वह शब्द है, जो किसी Noun या Pronoun के कार्य (Action), अवस्था (State), स्थिति (Condition), अस्तित्व (Being) या अधिकार (Possession) को बताता है।

A verb is a word that expresses an action, state, condition, being or possession.

A verb tells what a person, animal or thing does, is or has.

Note

Verb वाक्य का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भाग होता है। यह बताता है कि Subject क्या करता है, किस अवस्था में है, या उसके पास क्या है।

Examples

Ram writes a letter.
Birds fly in the sky.
She is happy.
They have a car.
The baby cried.
The sun rises in the east.

यहाँ writes, fly, cried और rises Action बताते हैं, is State बताता है तथा have Possession बताता है।

Forms of Verb

Verb के पाँच मुख्य forms परीक्षा की दृष्टि से बहुत महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं।

Form	Name	Example	Use
V₁	Base Form	go, eat, write	Present, Modal तथा Infinitive के साथ
V₂	Past Form	went, ate, wrote	Simple Past Tense
V₃	Past Participle	gone, eaten, written	Perfect Tense और Passive Voice
V₄	Present Participle	going, eating, writing	Continuous Tense, Gerund, Participle
V₅	s/es Form	goes, eats, writes	Simple Present में He, She, It के साथ

Verb Forms Examples

Go – Went – Gone – Going – Goes
Eat – Ate – Eaten – Eating – Eats
Write – Wrote – Written – Writing – Writes
Play – Played – Played – Playing – Plays
See – Saw – Seen – Seeing – Sees

Classification of Verbs

Main Verb और Helping Verb
Transitive Verb और Intransitive Verb
Linking Verb
Finite Verb और Non-finite Verb
Regular Verb और Irregular Verb
Stative Verb और Dynamic Verb

1. Main Verb (Principal Verb)

Main Verb वह Verb है, जो वाक्य के मुख्य कार्य या मुख्य अर्थ को व्यक्त करता है।

A main verb expresses the principal action or meaning of a sentence.

Examples

He plays football.
She reads a book.
They worked hard.

2. Helping Verb (Auxiliary Verb)

Helping Verb, Main Verb की सहायता करके Tense, Voice, Mood, Possibility, Permission, Ability आदि का बोध कराता है।

An auxiliary verb helps the main verb to express tense, voice, mood, possibility, permission, ability, etc.

I am writing a letter.
She has completed her work.
They will come tomorrow.

A. Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Primary Auxiliary Verbs हैं— Be, Have और Do।

Forms of Be

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

She is singing.
They were playing.
The work has been completed.

Forms of Have

have, has, had

I have finished my work.
She has gone home.
They had left before I arrived.

Forms of Do

do, does, did

Do you know him?
He does not work hard.
Did she call you?

B. Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Core Modals: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

Semi-modals / Marginal Modals: ought to, need, dare, used to

Modal	Main Use	Example
Can	Ability, Permission	I can swim.
Could	Past Ability, Polite Request	Could you help me?
May	Permission, Possibility	May I come in?
Might	Weak Possibility	It might rain.
Shall	Future, Suggestion	Shall we go?
Should	Advice, Duty	You should work hard.
Will	Future, Willingness	I will help you.
Would	Polite Request, Past Habit	Would you open the door?
Must	Compulsion, Strong Necessity	You must obey the rules.
Ought to	Moral Duty	We ought to respect our parents.

Important Rule

Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would और must के बाद V₁ आता है।

Ought to और used to के बाद to + V₁ आता है।

Correct: He can do it.
Incorrect: He can does it.

3. Transitive Verb

जिस Verb को अपना अर्थ पूरा करने के लिए Object की आवश्यकता होती है, उसे Transitive Verb कहते हैं।

A transitive verb requires an object to complete its meaning.

I eat mangoes.
She writes a letter.
He bought a car.

Identification Trick

Verb के बाद what या whom लगाकर प्रश्न पूछिए। यदि उत्तर मिले, तो Verb सामान्यतः Transitive होता है।

She writes what? — A letter.

4. Intransitive Verb

जिस Verb को अपना अर्थ पूरा करने के लिए Object की आवश्यकता नहीं होती, उसे Intransitive Verb कहते हैं।

An intransitive verb does not require an object to complete its meaning.

The baby cried.
Birds fly.
He slept.

Important

कुछ Verbs Transitive और Intransitive दोनों हो सकते हैं।

The bell rang. — Intransitive
He rang the bell. — Transitive
The door opened. — Intransitive
She opened the door. — Transitive

5. Linking Verb

Linking Verb Subject को उसकी Quality, Identity या Condition से जोड़ता है। इसके बाद आने वाला शब्द Object नहीं बल्कि Subject Complement होता है।

A linking verb connects the subject with its quality, identity or condition.

Common Linking Verbs

be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, remain, grow, turn

She is beautiful.
The food tastes delicious.
He became a doctor.
The flowers smell sweet.
The milk turned sour.

Exam Rule

Linking Verb के बाद Subject Complement आता है। यह Adjective, Noun या Noun Phrase हो सकता है।

The flower smells sweet. — Adjective Complement
He became a doctor. — Noun Complement
She is my sister. — Noun Phrase Complement

जब Subject की quality बतानी हो, तब Adjective आता है, Adverb नहीं।

Correct: The flower smells sweet.
Incorrect: The flower smells sweetly.

6. Finite Verb

जो Verb Subject तथा Tense के अनुसार अपना रूप बदलता है, उसे Finite Verb कहते हैं।

A finite verb changes its form according to the subject and tense.

He plays cricket.
They play cricket.
She played yesterday.

प्रत्येक पूर्ण वाक्य में सामान्यतः कम-से-कम एक Finite Verb होता है।

7. Non-finite Verb

जो Verb Subject और Tense के अनुसार अपना रूप नहीं बदलता, उसे Non-finite Verb कहते हैं।

A non-finite verb does not change according to the subject or tense.

A. Infinitive

सामान्यतः to + V₁ को Infinitive कहते हैं।

I want to study.
She likes to dance.
He came to meet me.

Bare Infinitive

जब V₁ के पहले to नहीं होता, तो उसे Bare Infinitive कहते हैं। Modal, let, make तथा कुछ विशेष structures के बाद Bare Infinitive आता है।

You must work hard.
Let him go.
They made me wait.

B. Gerund

V₁ + ing का वह रूप जो Noun का कार्य करता है, Gerund कहलाता है।

Reading is a good habit.
I enjoy playing cricket.
He is fond of singing.

Important Rule

Preposition के बाद Verb आए, तो सामान्यतः V₁ + ing आता है।

He is interested in learning English.

C. Participle

Verb का वह रूप जो Adjective का कार्य करता है, Participle कहलाता है।

Present Participle — V₁ + ing
Past Participle — V₃
Perfect Participle — Having + V₃

The running water is clean.
The broken chair is old.
Having finished the work, he went home.

Gerund vs Present Participle

Swimming is good exercise. — Gerund, क्योंकि यह Noun का कार्य कर रहा है।

The swimming boy is my brother. — Participle, क्योंकि यह boy को qualify कर रहा है।

8. Regular Verb

जिन Verbs का V₂ और V₃ सामान्यतः -ed या -d लगाकर बनता है, उन्हें Regular Verbs कहते हैं।

Work – Worked – Worked
Play – Played – Played
Love – Loved – Loved

9. Irregular Verb

जिन Verbs का V₂ और V₃ सामान्य नियम से नहीं बनता, उन्हें Irregular Verbs कहते हैं।

Go – Went – Gone
Eat – Ate – Eaten
Write – Wrote – Written
See – Saw – Seen

10. Dynamic Verb

जो Verb किसी वास्तविक Action या Process को बताता है, उसे Dynamic Verb कहते हैं।

He runs fast.
She writes a letter.
They are playing football.

11. Stative Verb

जो Verb State, Feeling, Thought, Possession या Sense को व्यक्त करता है, उसे Stative Verb कहते हैं।

know, believe, understand, love, hate, like, want, need, own, belong, possess, seem, remember, prefer

Important Rule

Stative Verbs का सामान्यतः Continuous Tense में प्रयोग नहीं होता।

Correct: I know him.
Incorrect: I am knowing him.

Important SSC Exam Rules

Rule 1: Modal + V₁

He can solve this problem.

Rule 2: To + V₁

I want to learn English.

Rule 3: Preposition + V-ing

She is fond of dancing.

Rule 4: Did + V₁

Correct: He did not go.
Incorrect: He did not went.

Rule 5: Has/Have/Had + V₃

She has written a letter.

Rule 6: Be + V₄ in Continuous Tense

They are playing.

Rule 7: Be + V₃ in Passive Voice

The work was completed.

Rule 8: Let/Make + Object + V₁

Let him go.
She made me cry.

Rule 9: Used to + V₁

He used to play cricket.

Rule 10: Be used to + V-ing/Noun

He is used to working hard.

Common Errors

Wrong and Correct Sentences

Wrong: He can plays cricket.
Correct: He can play cricket.
Wrong: She did not went there.
Correct: She did not go there.
Wrong: He has wrote a letter.
Correct: He has written a letter.
Wrong: I am knowing him.
Correct: I know him.
Wrong: She is fond of dance.
Correct: She is fond of dancing.
Wrong: The flower smells sweetly.
Correct: The flower smells sweet.
Wrong: He used to played football.
Correct: He used to play football.
Wrong: Let him to go.
Correct: Let him go.

Quick Revision

Verb = Action + State + Condition + Being + Possession

Main Verb मुख्य अर्थ बताता है।
Helping Verb, Main Verb की सहायता करता है।
Transitive Verb को Object चाहिए।
Intransitive Verb को Object नहीं चाहिए।
Linking Verb Subject को Adjective, Noun या Noun Phrase Complement से जोड़ता है।
Finite Verb Subject और Tense के अनुसार बदलता है।
Non-finite Verb Subject और Tense के अनुसार नहीं बदलता।
Core Modals (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must) के बाद V₁ आता है; ought to और used to के बाद to + V₁ आता है।
Has/Have/Had के बाद V₃ आता है।
Preposition के बाद V-ing आता है।